Voir la source de Believing that Humans Swallow Spiders in Their Sleep: False Beliefs as Side Effects of the Processes that Support Accurate Knowledge

Marsh, E. J., Cantor, A. D., & Brashier, N. M. (2016). Believing that humans swallow spiders in their sleep: False beliefs as side effects of the processes that support accurate knowledge. In ''Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 64, pp. 93-132)''. Academic Press.

C'est un chapitre de livre 

== Abstract des auteur·trice·s ==
''Humans can store, maintain, and retrieve an impressive amount of information — but the processes that support accurate knowledge can also lead to errors, such as the false belief that humans swallow eight spiders in their sleep each year. In this chapter, we review characteristics of the knowledge base and explore how ﬁve adaptive properties that support accurate knowledge can also lead to the learning, storage, and retrieval of falsehoods. First, people exhibit a bias to believe information is true since, most of the time, incoming information is indeed true. Second, we utilize a ﬂuency-based heuristic for judging truth since — again, most of the time — easy processing reliably signals that something is true. Third, the knowledge base is productive: people use existing knowledge to make new inferences, which are typically accurate but occasionally are inappropriate and result in errors. Fourth, existing knowledge supports new learning, so our ingrained misconceptions can foster new errors and interfere with learning the truth. Fifth, because it would be too taxing to carefully compare all incoming information to stored knowledge, we do not require a perfect match and often accept information as “good enough.” As a result, errors that are similar to the truth often slip by undetected, and sometimes are later reproduced. Finally, we discuss methods for correcting errors and potential barriers to the correction of misconceptions. In particular, it is essential to refute the error as well as provide a simple alternative to replace it. Overall, the processes that support accurate knowledge and false beliefs are the same, and can lead to competing representations in memory.''

== Introduction ==
=== The Issue at Hand ===
=== Deﬁning Knowledge ===

== General Properties of the Knowledge Base ==
=== The Knowledge Base Has No Known Capacity Limit ===
=== Knowledge Is Interconnected and Organized ===
=== Knowledge Is Surprisingly Durable ===
=== Much, but Not All, Knowledge Is “Sourceless” ===
=== Access to Speciﬁc Knowledge Can Shift ===
=== People Are Good, but Not Perfect, at Judging What They Know ===

== Examples of Errors ==
=== Overview ===
=== The Grading Problem ===
=== Side Effects of Reading Novels and Watching Movies ===
=== Repeated Claims Feel True ===
=== Tests Can Teach Errors ===

== Adaptive Processes that Also Support Errors ==
=== Overview ===
=== Property #1: Bias to Believe Information Is True ===
=== Property #2: Fluency-Based Heuristic for Judging Truth ===
=== Property #3: The Knowledge Base Is Productive ===
=== Property #4: Existing Knowledge Supports New Learning ===
=== Property #5: Partial Matches Are Often “Good Enough” ===

== Lingering Questions about Error Representation and Retrieval ==
=== Co-existence versus Overwriting ===
=== Direct Retrieval versus Construction ===
=== A Fluency-Conditional Model of Illusory Truth ===

== Correcting Errors in the Knowledge Base ==
=== Overview ===
=== Basic Advice for Correction ===
=== When Should Feedback Do More than Provide the Answer? ===
=== Problem: Teacher and Student Preferences ===
=== Problem: Misconceptions May Be Motivated ===

== Conclusions ==
=== The Science of Learning Is Not Different for Errors ===
=== Comparing Errors of Event Memory to Illusions of Knowledge ===
=== Open Question ===


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